Resources and Information
Included below are resources and information where it is gathered from. If you wish to learn about Ezcema more these sources might inspire or allow you to learn about it. This page is not advice, nor is it written by doctors. Please consult your doctor before acting on advice from any site.
We believe that people who are not only informed but ready to look at the world in a new light will benefit. So, we offer you these resources for you to learn even more about AD by reviewing the actual scientific literature.
Citations Sources
About Eczema
What is the cause of itching in atopic dermatitis
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1323893022000417
Frontiers in Medicine. 2021 May 7;8:644760. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.644760
How do aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AHR) cause atopic dermatitis symptoms
T Edamitsu, K Taguchi, R Okuyama, M Yamamoto, AHR and NRF2 in Skin Homeostasis and Atopic Dermatitis, Antioxidants (Basel), 2022 Jan 25;11(2):227, doi: 10.3390/antiox11020227
A Wazir, EA O’Toole, Itching for innovation: the role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists as a future therapy for atopic dermatitis, Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, Vol 50, Iss 4, 2025 April, 747–754, doi.org/10.1093/ced/llae502
M Dec, H Arasiewicz, Aryl hydrocarbon receptor role in chronic inflammatory skin diseases: a narrative review, Advances in Dermatology and Allergology, 2024 Feb 28;41(1):9–19, doi: 10.5114/ada.2023.135617
How does IL-4 cause atopic dermatitis symptoms
J Kim, BE Kim, DYM Leung, Pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis: Clinical implications
Allergy & Asthma Proceedings. 2019 Mar;40(2):84–92. doi: 10.2500/aap.2019.40.4202
How does IL-13 cause atopic dermatitis symptoms
M Napolitano, F di Vico, A Ruggiero, G Fabbrocini, C Patruno, The hidden sentinel of the skin: An overview on the role of interleukin-13 in atopic dermatitis, Frontiers in Medicine, 2023 17 April, Vol 10, doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1165098
M Furue,, D Ulzii, T Nakahara, G Tsuji, K Furue, A Hashimoto-Hachiya, M Kido-Nakahara, Implications of IL-13Rα2 in atopic skin inflammation, Allergology International, Vol 69, Iss 3, July 2020, 412-416, doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2020.01.005
How does IL-31 cause atopic dermatitis symptoms
RL Orfali, V Aoki, Blockage of the IL-31 Pathway as a Potential Target Therapy for Atopic Dermatitis, Pharmaceutics, 2023 Feb 8;15(2):577. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020577
T Hashimoto,H Yokozeki, H Karasuyama, T Satoh, IL-31–generating network in atopic dermatitis comprising macrophages, basophils, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and periostin, Atopic dermatitis and inflammatory skin disease, 2023 March Vol 151, Iss 3. 737-746,
How does PDE4 cause atopic dermatitis symptoms
H Yang, J Wang, X Zhang, Application of Topical Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors in Mild to Moderate Atopic DermatitisA Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, JAMA Dermatology, Vol. 155, No. 5, 585-593, doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2019.0008
How does calcineurin cause atopic dermatitis symptoms
Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors (TCIs), National Eczema Society, https://eczema.org/information-and-advice/treatments-for-eczema/topical-calcineurin-inhibitors/
Treatments - Causes
What is Eczema – atopic dermatitis?
nationaleczema.org/eczema/?gad_source=1&gad_campaignid=21711219806&gclid=EAIaIQobChMI8PGLgunRkQMVC3J_AB3pRwPSEAAYASADEgISs_D_BwE
What is the cause of atopic dermatitis?
Lawrence A. Schachner , et al, SAIGE I: Staphylococcus aureus, Immunological, Genetic, and Environmental (SAIGE) Factors Contributing to Atopic Dermatitis and the Use of Ceramide-Containing Skincare, October 2025 | Volume 24 | Issue 10 | 1012 (1 in paper)
Inside out vs Outside in
Lawrence A. Schachner , et al, SAIGE I: Staphylococcus aureus, Immunological, Genetic, and Environmental (SAIGE) Factors Contributing to Atopic Dermatitis and the Use of Ceramide-Containing Skincare, October 2025 | Volume 24 | Issue 10 | 1012 (1 in paper)
Elias PM, Steinhoff M. Outside-to-inside" (and Now Back to "Outside") Pathogenic Mechanims in Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128(5):1067-70.
Healthy skin
J A. Bouwstra, P L Honeywell-Nguyen, G S. Gooris, M Ponec, Structure of the skin barrier and its modulation by vesicular formulations, Progress in Lipid Research 42 (2003) 1–36
L H. Lambers, S. Piessens, A. Bloem, H. Pronk and P. Finkel, Natural skin surface pH is on average below 5, which, is beneficial for its resident flora, International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2006, 28, 359–370
J A. Bouwstra, A Nădăban W Bras, C MCabe, A Bunge, G S. Gooris, The skin barrier: an extraordinary interface with an exceptional lipid organization, Prog Lipid Res. 2023 November ; 92
Skin of atopic dermatitis sufferers
J A. Bouwstra, A Nădăban W Bras, C MCabe, A Bunge, G S. Gooris, The skin barrier: an extraordinary interface with an exceptional lipid organization, Prog Lipid Res. 2023 November ; 92
The impact of S. aureus on atopic dermatitis
Kim J, Kim BE, Berdyshev E, Bronova I, Bin L, Bae J, et al. Staphylococcus aureus causes aberrant epidermal lipid composition and skin barrier dysfunction. Allergy. 2023;78(5):1292-1306.
What are the symptoms of atopic dermatitis?
Why do these symptoms arise
Rajkumar J, Chandan N, Lio P, Shi V: The skin barrier and moisturization: Function, disruption, and mechanisms of repair. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2023;36(4):174-85
Are there different levels of atopic dermatitis severity?
Treatment Options
What is the cause of itching in atopic dermatitis
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1323893022000417
Frontiers in Medicine. 2021 May 7;8:644760. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.644760
How do aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AHR) cause atopic dermatitis symptoms
T Edamitsu, K Taguchi, R Okuyama, M Yamamoto, AHR and NRF2 in Skin Homeostasis and Atopic Dermatitis, Antioxidants (Basel), 2022 Jan 25;11(2):227, doi: 10.3390/antiox11020227
A Wazir, EA O’Toole, Itching for innovation: the role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists as a future therapy for atopic dermatitis, Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, Vol 50, Iss 4, 2025 April, 747–754, doi.org/10.1093/ced/llae502
M Dec, H Arasiewicz, Aryl hydrocarbon receptor role in chronic inflammatory skin diseases: a narrative review, Advances in Dermatology and Allergology, 2024 Feb 28;41(1):9–19, doi: 10.5114/ada.2023.135617
How does IL-4 cause atopic dermatitis symptoms
J Kim, BE Kim, DYM Leung, Pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis: Clinical implications
Allergy & Asthma Proceedings. 2019 Mar;40(2):84–92. doi: 10.2500/aap.2019.40.4202
How does IL-13 cause atopic dermatitis symptoms
M Napolitano, F di Vico, A Ruggiero, G Fabbrocini, C Patruno, The hidden sentinel of the skin: An overview on the role of interleukin-13 in atopic dermatitis, Frontiers in Medicine, 2023 17 April, Vol 10, doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1165098
M Furue,, D Ulzii, T Nakahara, G Tsuji, K Furue, A Hashimoto-Hachiya, M Kido-Nakahara, Implications of IL-13Rα2 in atopic skin inflammation, Allergology International, Vol 69, Iss 3, July 2020, 412-416, doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2020.01.005
How does IL-31 cause atopic dermatitis symptoms
RL Orfali, V Aoki, Blockage of the IL-31 Pathway as a Potential Target Therapy for Atopic Dermatitis, Pharmaceutics, 2023 Feb 8;15(2):577. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020577
T Hashimoto,H Yokozeki, H Karasuyama, T Satoh, IL-31–generating network in atopic dermatitis comprising macrophages, basophils, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and periostin, Atopic dermatitis and inflammatory skin disease, 2023 March Vol 151, Iss 3. 737-746,
How does PDE4 cause atopic dermatitis symptoms
H Yang, J Wang, X Zhang, Application of Topical Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors in Mild to Moderate Atopic DermatitisA Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, JAMA Dermatology, Vol. 155, No. 5, 585-593, doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2019.0008
How does calcineurin cause atopic dermatitis symptoms
Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors (TCIs), National Eczema Society, https://eczema.org/information-and-advice/treatments-for-eczema/topical-calcineurin-inhibitors/